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A similar rule for liquids Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 0:07:07 +0000 One part of the theory of capillary attraction, left defective by Laplace, namely, the action of a solid upon a liquid, and the mutual action between two liquids, was made dynamically perfect by Gauss. He stated the rule for "angles of contact between liquids and solids. A similar rule for liquids was established by Ernst Eranz Neumann. Autor of the post: Undefined James Prescott Joule (1818- 1889) Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 23:55:23 +0000 Chief among recent workers on the mathematical theory of capillarity are Lord Hayleigh and Mathieu. The great principle of the conservation of energy was established by Robert Mayer (1814-1878), a physician in Heilbronn, and again independently by Colding of Copen- hagen, Joule, and Helmholtz. James Prescott Joule (1818- 1889) determined experimentally the mechanical equivalent of heat. Autor of the post: Undefined The mathematical treat ment Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 23:35:33 +0000 Helmholtz in 1847 applied the conceptions of the transformation and conservation of energy to the various branches of physics, and thereby linked together many well- known phenomena. These labours led to the abandonment of the corpuscular theory of heat. The mathematical treat ment of thermic problems was demanded by practical con siderations. Autor of the post: Undefined The principle known Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 23:23:45 +0000 Thermodynamics grew out of the attempt to determine mathematically how much work can be gotten out of a steam engine. Sadi-Carnot, an adherent of the corpuscular theory, gave the first impulse to this. The principle known by his name was published in 1824. Autor of the post: Undefined William Thomson showed in 1848 Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 23:08:36 +0000 Though the importance of his work was emphasised by Clapeyron, it did not meet with general recognition until it was brought forward by William Thomson. The latter pointed out the necessity of modifying Carnot s reasoning so as to bring it into accord with the new theory of heat. William Thomson showed in 1848 that Carnot s principle led to the conception of an absolute scale of temperature. Autor of the post: Undefined In the same month William Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 22:50:43 +0000 In 1849 he published "an account of Carnot s theory of the motive power of heat, with numerical results deduced from B-egnault s experiments." In February, 1850, Rudolph Clausius (1822-1888), then in Zurich, (afterwards professor in Bonn), communicated to the Berlin Academy a paper on the same subject which contains the Protean second law of thermodynamics. In the same month William John M Rankine (1820-1872), professor of engineer ing and mechanics at Glasgow, read before the Eoyal Society of Edinburgh a paper in which he declares the nature of heat to consist in the rotational motion of molecules, and arrives at some of the results reached previously by Clausius. Autor of the post: Undefined In March, 1851, appeared Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 22:37:10 +0000 He does not mention the second law of thermodynamics, but in a subsequent paper he declares that it could be derived from equations contained in Ms first paper. His proof of the second law is not free from objections. In March, 1851, appeared a paper of William Thomson which contained a perfectly rigorous proof of the second law. Autor of the post: Undefined Eepeated efforts to deduce it Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 22:20:40 +0000 He obtained it before he had seen the researches of Clausius. The state ment of this law, as given by Clausius, has been much criticised, particularly by Eankine, Theodor Wand, Tait, and Tolver Preston. Eepeated efforts to deduce it from general mechanical principles have remained fruitless. Autor of the post: Undefined The latter desig nated Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 22:03:15 +0000 The science of thermodynamics was developed with great suc cess by Thomson, Clausius, and Eankine. As early as 1852 Thomson discovered the law of the dissipation of energy, deduced at a later period also by Clausius. The latter desig nated the non-transformable energy by the name entropy, and then stated that the entropy of the universe tends toward a maximum. Autor of the post: Undefined Valuable graphic methods for Post Date: Thu, 24 Jul 2008 21:47:28 +0000 ITor entropy Eankine used the term thermodynamic function. Thermodynamic investigations have been carried on also by Ad Him of Colmar, and Helm- holtz (monocyclic and polycyclic systems). Valuable graphic methods for the study of thermodynamic relations were de vised in 1873-1878 by Willard Gibbs of Yale College. 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