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In the opinion Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 15:15:08 +0000 " The subject was extended afterwards so as to embrace the mathematical theory of cyclones, tornadoes, water-spouts, etc. In 1885 appeared his Recent Advances in Meteorology. In the opinion of a leading European meteor ologist (Julius Hann of Vienna), Ferrel has "contributed more to the advance of the physics of the atmosphere than any other living physicist or meteorologist. Autor of the post: Undefined The idea of three superposed Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 15:02:38 +0000 " Ferrel teaches that the air flows in great spirals toward the poles, both in the upper strata of the atmosphere and on the earth s surface beyond the 30th degree of latitude; while the return current blows at nearly right angles to the above spirals, in the middle strata as well as on the earth s surface, in a zone comprised between the parallels 30 IsT. and 30 S. The idea of three superposed currents blowing spirals was first advanced by James Thomson, but was published in very meagre abstract. Autor of the post: Undefined The mathe matical analysis Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:49:29 +0000 FerrePs views have given a strong impulse to theoretical research in America, Austria, and Germany. Several objec tions raised against his argument have been abandoned, or have been answered by "Davis of Harvard. The mathe matical analysis of Waldo of Washington, and of others, has further confirmed the accuracy of the theory. Autor of the post: Undefined Important new points of view Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:31:17 +0000 The trans port of Krakatoa dust and observations made on clouds point toward the existence of an upper east current on the equator, and Pernter has mathematically deduced from FerrePs theory the existence of such a current. Another theory of the general circulation of the atmosphere was propounded by Werner Siemens of Berlin, in which an attempt is made to apply thermodynamics to aerial currents. Important new points of view have been introduced recently by Helmholtz, who concludes that when two air currents blow one above the other in different directions, a system of air waves must arise in the same way as waves are formed on the sea. Autor of the post: Undefined Superposed strata would thus mix Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:12:42 +0000 He and A. Oberbeck showed that when the waves on the sea attain lengths of from 16 to 33 feet, the air waves must attain lengths of from 10 to 20 miles, and proportional depths. Superposed strata would thus mix more thoroughly, and their energy would be partly dissipated. Autor of the post: Undefined The mathematical theory of pipes Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 14:00:12 +0000 From hydrodynainical equations of rotation Helrnholtz established the reason why the observed velocity from equatorial regions is much less in a latitude of, say, 20 or 30, than it would be were the move ments unchecked. About 1860 acoustics began to be studied with renewed zeal. The mathematical theory of pipes and vibrating strings had been elaborated in the eighteenth century by Daniel Ber noulli, D Alembert, Euler, and Lagrange. Autor of the post: Undefined Epoch-making were Helmholtz s experimental Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 13:49:28 +0000 In the first part of the present century Laplace corrected Newton s theory on the velocity of sound in gases, Poisson gave a mathematical dis cussion of torsional vibrations ; Poisson, Sophie Germain, and Wheatstone studied Chladni s figures ; Thomas Young and the brothers Weber developed the wave-theory of sound. Sir Herschel wrote on the mathematical theory of sound for the Encydopcdia, Metropolitana, 1845. Epoch-making were Helmholtz s experimental and mathematical researches. Autor of the post: Undefined Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 13:37:06 +0000 In his hands and Rayleigh s, Fourier s series received due attention. Helmholtz gave the mathematical theory of beats, difference tones, and summation tones. Lord Rayleigh (John William Strutt) of Cambridge (born 1842) made extensive mathematical researches in acoustics as a part of the theory of vibration in general. Autor of the post: Undefined Other mathematical researches Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 13:19:10 +0000 Particular mention may be made of his discussion of the disturbance produced by a spherical obstacle on the waves of sound, and of phenomena, such as sensitive flames, connected with the instability of jets of fluid. In 1877 and 1878 he published in two volumes a treatise on TJie Theory of Sound. Other mathematical researches on this subject have been made in England by Donkin and Stokes. Autor of the post: Undefined Particular prob lems had been Post Date: Fri, 25 Jul 2008 13:07:52 +0000 The theory of elasticity 42 belongs to this century. Before 1800 no attempt had been made to form general equations for the motion or equilibrium of an elastic solid. Particular prob lems had been solved by special hypotheses. 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